Considering that the estimated probability of failing to preserve the port tranquility was only 0.2–0.5% for these extreme NE waves, it was concluded that no secondary structures were necessary, and the existing breakwater was sufficient for the protection of the port. After the breakwater’s construction, simulations showed that the detached breakwater effectively blocked the waves approaching the port from both the NNE and NE directions, although the wave heights of the waves from the extreme NE direction inside the port increased. The BOUSS-2D Boussinesq-type wave model was employed to analyze the pattern of wave propagation, showing that, before the breakwater’s construction, NE waves could directly enter the port, increasing the wave energy inside the port. The wave energy was reduced in all of the measured wave-propagating directions, but it was also observed that the breakwater became less effective in protecting against northeastwaves than in protecting against NNE waves. The observation data showed that the wave energy was effectively reduced by the breakwater, although the wave height measured outside the breakwater was higher after its construction. The effect of a detached breakwater, which was constructed to improve harbor tranquility inside Pohang New Port, was examined through the comparison of wave data measured before and after the construction of the breakwater. The results obtained confirm the effectiveness of the methodology, with the novel oCECO device, appearing as the most feasible option (with an LCoE of EUR 387.6/MWh) to exploit the wave potential in the surrounding areas of the port. Next, the methodology proposes a techno-economic optimisation of WECs, based on the local wave conditions of Areas I and II, to minimise their associated Levelised Cost of Energy (LCoE). For the area of study, having considered the main marine uses (sediment disposal, biodiversity, aquaculture, recreational and navigation), two exploitable wave energy sites (Areas I and II) with average annual energy resources of 24 and 17 kWm−1, respectively, were found. For the selection of wave energy sites in port areas, the methodology proposes a detailed spatial characterisation of both the wave resource and marine uses. To illustrate this methodology, the Port of Leixões (Portugal) is used as a case study. Therefore, the objective of this work is to present a methodology to select the best WEC-site combination to supply the energy demands of ports. In this context, the exploitation of the local wave energy resource may appear as a promising alternative. In recent years, seaports have faced increasing pressure to transition towards a low-carbon and more sustainable energy model. This paper presents a review of innovative harbor breakwaters for wave-energy conversion, developing a coconstructed description of the criticality and benefits of such innovation. In this context, the combination wave energy converters–harbor breakwaters represent the coastal engineering response to these issues, creating a smart alternative and a path of innovation. Moreover, the international community recognizes the importance of investing in reliable and reasonable energy sources, which are alternative to the traditional ones. Level rise and the intensification of extreme events related to climate change issues are requiring new replacement schemes and, in most cases, will not be easy to achieve with a simple modification in seawall height. In a time span of over 3,000 years, the function of harbor breakwaters has remained the same (i.e., the energy dissipation), with differencesĭepending on the general breakwater configurations: rubble mound breakwaters or caisson breakwaters.
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